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         <titlestmt>
            <title>The very bitter weeping that ye 
made</title>
            <author>Dante Gabriel Rossetti</author>

         </titlestmt>
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            <edition>1</edition>
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         <date>1861</date>
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         <form>
            <rhyme>abbaabbacdecde</rhyme>
            <meter>iambic pentameter</meter>
            <genre>sonnet</genre>
         </form>
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         <commentaries>
            <head>Commentary</head>
            <section type="intro">
               <head>Introduction</head>
               <p>Perhaps the most important feature of this sonnet is its rhetorical structure, 
which withholds until line 14 the crucial fact that the sonnet is spoken by Dante's 
heart. The text's prose introduction (in Chapter XXXVII) explicates that structure 
as Dante's effort to ensure &#8220;that this inward strife which I had undergone might not 
be hidden from all save the miserable wretch who endured it&#8221;. The sonnet, in other 
words, dramatizes Dante's conscious effort to gain a clear intellectual view of his 
own confused experience. That effort gets thoroughly displayed in the following 
Chapter XXXVIII, which moves through a long passage of self-searching prose to
culminate in the sonnet 
<xref doc="a.25d-1861.raw">
                     <title level="wrk">&#8220;A 
gentle thought there is will often start&#8221;</title>
                  </xref>.</p>
               <p>Lines 9-11 of DGR's text are especially notable for their interpretive clarity.  
&#8220;A lady greets me with her eyes&#8221;, not exactly 
rendering Dante's &#8220;una donna che vi mira&#8221; 
(line 11), serves Dante by serving DGR's poem: the phrase calls back to the 
&#8220;eyes&#8221; of lines 2 and 4, thus making us aware of an unbroken and sympathetic 
company, of whom the Donna is one. The problem is that the order of Dante's 
being has been disturbed: whereas Dante's mortal parts, like his eyes, should 
register their mortal griefs, his higher functions should maintain a spiritual
confidence. But in this episode with the Donna the poet has watched the 
&#8220;fickleness&#8221; of his eyes 
&#8220;betray/ My mind to fears&#8221; (lines 9-10). Overgoing 
Dante's text with the word &#8220;mind&#8221;, DGR's unliteral translation proves thereby 
more deeply faithful to Dante's <hi rend="i">ragionamento</hi>.</p>
               <p>It must be pointed out, however, that DGR's rendering of Dante's argument 
clearly assigns to the &#8220;heart&#8221; a greater power of consciousness and spiritual 
authority than is present in Dante's texts. That difference is even more apparent in 
the next sections, Chapter XXXVIII- XXXIX. In DGR's sonnet 
<xref doc="a.25d-1861.raw">
                     <title level="wrk">&#8220;A 
gentle thought there is will often start&#8221;</title>
                  </xref>, the argument of 
the heart, the &#8220;adversary of reason&#8221; (Chapter XXXIX), sets the poem's measure of 
a true understanding, a secret and deep &#8220;intelligence 
in love&#8221; that gets exposed once 
again in the prose report of the vision of Beatrice in Chapter XXXIX. For all these 
events make up an economy of Love-as-Eros, the action of God operating in a
mortal order of events.</p>
               <p>One other matter requires comment. In Chapter XXXIX Dante refers to this 
erotic appetency as &#8220;malvagio desiderio&#8221; (&#8220;evil 
desire&#8221;). But DGR's benevolent interpretation is difficult to resist entirely.  
As a result, the translation is riven with a clear contradiction, and in DGR's work 
that contradiction will be further explicated and explored in the second coming, as it 
were, of Dante's autobiography in DGR's life and work: that is to say, in 
<xref doc="a.44-1869.raw">
                     <title level="wrk">&#8220;The House of 
Life&#8221;</title>
                  </xref>. Dante himself registers the contradiction in the 
<xref doc="a.dante009.rad" link="dead">
                     <title level="wrk">
                        <hi rend="i">Convivio</hi>
                     </title>
                  </xref>, Book II, where he completely re-
writes this section of his autobiography. Recollecting and reinterpreting his earlier 
work, Dante turns the Donna della Finestra into Lady Philosophy. The only way to 
reconcile this contradiction is to argue that Dante's desire was subjectively but not 
objectively &#8220;evil&#8221;, and perhaps (even) that the deepest form of its 
evil lay in Dante's failure to recognize Lady Philosophy in the Donna. In contrast 
to that kind of tortuous doctrinal maneuvering, DGR's treatment of the 
contradiction in his own life's work seems altogether more honest&#8212;more 
honest, if also more dark and more frightening.</p>
               <p>DGR's source text was 
&#8220;L'amaro lagrimar che voi faceste&#8221; in the third volume of Fraticelli's 
<xref doc="a.pq4308.a24.vol3.rad" from="348" to="349" workcode="39d-1861orig">
                     <title level="wrk">
                        <hi rend="i">Opere
Minori di Dante Alighieri</hi>
                     </title>
                  </xref>
.</p>
            </section>
            <section type="texthistcomp">
               <head>Textual History: Composition</head>
               <p>An early work, late 1840s.</p>
            </section>
            <section type="texthistrev">
               <head>Textual History: Revision</head>
               <p/>
            </section>
            <section type="prodhist">
               <head>Production History</head>
               <p/>
            </section>
            <section type="recepthist">
               <head>Reception</head>
               <p/>
            </section>
            <section type="icon">
               <head>Iconographic</head>
               <p/>
            </section>
            <section type="printhist">
               <head>Printing History</head>
               <p>The translation was first published in 1861 in 
<xref doc="a.1-1861.rad" from="299" workcode="51d-1861">
                     <title level="wrk">
                        <hi rend="i">The 
Early Italian Poets</hi>
                     </title>
                  </xref>; it was reprinted in 1874 in 
<xref doc="a.1-1874.rad" from="100" workcode="51d-1861">
                     <title level="wrk">
                        <hi rend="i">Dante 
and his Circle</hi>
                     </title>
                  </xref>.</p>
            </section>
            <section type="pictorial">
               <head>Pictorial</head>
               <p/>
            </section>
            <section type="historical">
               <head>Historical</head>
               <p/>
            </section>
            <section type="literary">
               <head>Literary</head>
               <p/>
            </section>
            <section type="translation">
               <head>Translation</head>
               <p/>
            </section>
            <section type="autobio">
               <head>Autobiographical</head>
               <p/>
            </section>
            <section type="biblio">
               <head>Bibliographic</head>
               <p>
                  <bibl>
                     <xref doc="a.1-1861.rad" from="[189]" to="193" workcode="4p-1861">&#8220;Introduction 
to Part II&#8221; (in 
<hi rend="i">Early Italian Poets</hi>)</xref> 
                     <pages>189-193</pages>
                  </bibl>

                  <bibl>
                     <author>Foster and Boyd</author>, <title level="bk">
                        <xref doc="a.pq4309.a1.1967.rad" link="dead" from="92" to="93">
                           <hi rend="i">Dante's Lyric Poetry</hi>
                        </xref>
                     </title>, 
<pages>I.92-93 (II. 148)</pages>
                  </bibl>.

<bibl>
                     <author>De Robertis, ed.</author>, <xref doc="a.pq4310.v2.1980.rad" link="dead" from="226" to="227">Vita Nuova</xref>, <pages>226-227</pages>
                  </bibl>.
</p>
            </section>
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