Rossetti Archive Textual Transcription

Document Title: Dante Gabriel Rossetti. His Family-Letters with a Memoir (Volume One)
Author: William Michael Rossetti
Date of publication: 1895
Publisher: Ellis
Edition: 1895
Volume: I

The full Rossetti Archive record for this transcribed document is available.

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Dante Gabriel Rossetti



VOL. I.



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Dante Gabriel Rossetti

By Himself. 1855.

Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

Figure: Self-portrait. Three-quarter view, head and shoulders, facing right. Date in lower right corner, Sept 20, 1855.



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Dante Gabriel Rossetti



HIS FAMILY-LETTERS





WITH A MEMOIR

BY

WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI



MANUS ANIMAM PINXIT



VOL I.

AMS PRESS

NEW YORK

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Note: The call number is written in pencil at the top of the page.
Reprinted from the edition of 1895, London

First AMS EDITION published 1970

Manufactured in the United States of America

International Standard Book Number:

Complete Set: 0—404—05434—X

Volume 1: 0—404—05435—8

Library of Congress Number: 70—130231

AMS PRESS INC.

New York, N.Y. 10003
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DEDICATED TO

MY FOUR CHILDREN

WITH A FATHER'S HOPE

THAT RELATIVES OF

DANTE AND CHRISTINA ROSSETTI

AND DESCENDANTS OF

GABRIELE AND FRANCES ROSSETTI

WILL UPHOLD THE CREDIT OF

THEIR PATRONYMIC..
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PREFACE.
In his Recollections of Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1882) Mr. Hall Caine has informed us: “It was always known to be Rossetti's wish that, if at any moment after his death it should appear that the story of his life required to be written, the one friend who, during many of his later years, knew him most intimately, and to whom he unlocked the most sacred secrets of his heart, Mr. Theodore Watts, should write it, unless indeed it were undertaken by his brother William.”
Dante Rossetti died on 9 April 1882; and after the lapse of a few months I decided to put his Family-Letters into shape for early publication. Mr. Watts acquiesced in the wish which I then entertained, and which I should still entertain, that he, rather than myself, should be the biographer, writing a Memoir to accompany the Letters. Doubtless he saw reason for not producing his Memoir so soon as I had been expecting it; therefore, after a rather long interval of years, I resolved in July 1894 that the Letters must now come out, and, as they could not be unlinked with a Memoir, that I myself would write it. The result is before the reader. If he would have preferred a Memoir from Mr. Watts, I sympathize with him, but the option had ceased to be mine. There are several reasons why a brother neither is nor can be the best biographer. Feeling this, I had always intended
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not to write a Life of Dante Rossetti. But circumstances have proved too strong for me, and I submit to their dictate.
Had the book been published towards 1883, the Letters would have extended very little beyond those addressed to my Mother and to myself. There were then also a couple to my Father, and a very few to my Sister Christina. I am now enabled to add some to my Grandfather Gaetano Polidori, my Uncle Henry Francis Polydore, my Aunt Charlotte, Lydia Polidori, and my Wife Lucy Madox Rossetti; also some others to Christina which, as they contain expressions of approval with regard to her writings, she had herself with-held. No letters to other members of the family appear to be in existence, though several must have been written.
The technical arrangement of the printed correspondence can easily be understood. The letters are all thrown into a single sequence, according to the order of date: they are lettered from A to H, for the persons respectively addressed, and each sub-division is progressively numbered within its own limits. In every case where a letter seems to require any explanatory note or observation, I have supplied this in a few preliminary words. The dates, when not written by my brother himself, were in most cases jotted down at the time by the recipient: in a few instances, where this was omitted, the dates now given are approximate. Addresses are also frequently inserted in like manner. I have preserved (and must ask the reader to pardon my mentioning so minute a point) one instance of each form of subscribed name; and have also reproduced the name in other cases where it seems more apposite to do so. In contrary instances I omit both the name and the words of subscription which precede it. Some other Family-Letters exist, addressed to the same
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persons; but these are such as even a brother cannot suppose to be of any public interest. From those here collected some passages are omitted which, on one ground or another, are considered to be unsuited for printing; but on the whole I have been sparing of excisions. Of the items admitted, several are indeed short and scrappy; I have not however included anything which appears to me to be entirely uninteresting to persons interested in Dante Rossetti. Some letters, otherwise slight, fix the date of a picture or poem; others show some trait of character, or contain some pointed or diverting expression.
The letters, such as they are, shall be left to speak mainly for themselves. Their language is constantly unadorned, often colloquial; the tone of mind in them, concentrated; the feeling, while solid and sincere, uneffusive. Their subject-matter is very generally personal to the writer, without discursiveness of outlook, or eloquent or picturesque description; yet the spirit is not egotistical or self-assertive. If I am wrong in these opinions, the reader will decide the point for himself.
My brother was a rapid letter-writer, and on occasion a very prompt one, but not negligent or haphazard. He always wrote to the point, without amplification, or any effort after the major or minor graces of diction or rhetoric. Multitudes of his letters must still presumably be extant in private hands: a representative collection of them might be found to confirm the impression which I should like to ensue from the present series—that as a correspondent he was straight-forward, pleasant, and noticeably free from any calculated self-display. “Disinvolto” would be the Italian word.
Some persons may approve, others will disapprove, of the publication of these Family-Letters. I print them because the doing so commends itself to my own mind. At a very
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childish age I was familiar with the old apologue of the Man and his Son and the Donkey: it impressed me as equally true and practical. I have always been conscious that opinions will be as numerous as readers, and prefer to suit the opinions of those who happen to agree with myself.
Recently I have had a painful reason for realizing to myself a very pleasurable fact—that of the high estimation in which my brother, himself no less than his work, is now publicly held, some thirteen years after he passed away. The death of my beloved sister Christina, on 29 December 1894, called forth a flood of not undeserved but assuredly very fervent praise; and in the eulogies of her were intermixed many warm tributes to my brother—I might say, without a dissentient voice.
As regards my Memoir, I, having large knowledge and numerous materials, have not consulted a single person except Christina, who, during the earlier weeks of my undertaking, gave me orally the benefit of many reminiscences relating chiefly to years of childhood, and often kept me right upon details as to which I should have stumbled. On her bed of pain and rapidly approaching death she preserved a singularly clear recollection of olden facts, and was cheered in going over them with me.
Some readers of the Memoir may be inclined to ask me— “Have you told everything, of a substantial kind, that you know about your deceased brother?”—My answer shall be given beforehand, and without disguise: “No; I have told what I choose to tell, and have left untold what I do not choose to tell; if you want more, be pleased to consult some other informant.”
One word in conclusion. In case the present book should find favour with the public, I should be disposed to rummage
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among my ample stock of materials, and produce a number of details relating not only to my brother, but also to other members or connexions of the family. But at the age of sixty-five a man finds the horizon of his work narrowed, and rapidly narrowing; and possibly this will not be.


W. M. ROSSETTI.

St. Edmund's Terrace, London.

April 1895.
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CONTENTS.




  • I.

    BIRTH.

    Dante Rossetti's birth in London, 1828—His Godfathers. . . 3





  • II.

    PARENTAGE.

    Gabriele (Father of Dante) Rossetti—His birth in Vasto—His Parents and Brothers—His drawings, studies, and writings, in Italy— His political lyrics and exile—Malta and John Hookham Frere— Life in London—His death—His character, opinions, person, etc.— His writings in England on Dante, etc.—Carducci's opinion of his poetry—The centenary of his birth, Vasto—Descriptions of him by Bell Scott and Frederic Stephens—Mrs. Gabriele Rossetti, her life, character, and person—Some versicles of hers. . . 3





  • III.

    RELATIVES.

    Dante Rossetti's Great-grandfathers—His maternal Grandfather, Gaetano Polidori, Secretary to Alfieri, and Italian teacher in London— Anecdotes of the French Revolution and of Alfieri—Polidori's person, character, and writings—Mrs. Polidori—Her Father, William Pierce—Connexions of the Pierce family, Mrs. Bray,

    page: xvi
    etc.—Mrs. Polidori's closing years—Her sister and children— Dr. John William Polidori and his writings—Teodorico Pietrocola-Rossetti—Extinction of the Rossetti family in Vasto— Instances of longevity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24





  • IV. CHILDHOOD.

    The four children of Gabriele Rossetti—Houses in Charlotte Street— Dante Rossetti and his Sister Maria—Walks about London, etc.— Pet animals—Sights and entertainments in London—Singing, card-playing, illness, etc.—First attempt at drawing, and resolve to be a painter—Theatrical and other prints. . . . . . . . . . 36





  • V.

    ACQUAINTANCES IN CHILDHOOD.

    The Potters and other British friends—Numerous Italian friends of Gabriele Rossetti—Pistrucci, Sangiovanni, etc.—Protestantizing Italians—Mazzini and Panizzi—Talks on politics—John Stuart Mill on Continental and English Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44





  • VI.

    CHILDISH BOOK-READING AND SCRIBBLING.

    Dante Rossetti's early training—The Bible, Shakespear, Göthe, Walter Scott, etc.—Childish drawings from Henry VI.—Rossetti's opinion of Scott's novels, 1871—Books of prints and the National Gallery —Dante's poems read later on—Childish drama, The Slave , etc.— Childish drawings—Dante Rossetti fortunate in his family surroundings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57





  • VII.

    SCHOOL.

    Dante Rossetti's first school, Mr. Paul's, 1836—School-life not favourable to his character—To King's College School, 1837—The Cayley brothers—What Dante Rossetti learned—His various Masters, including John Sell Cotman the painter—Mr. Caine's account of Rossetti's school-life discussed—Parallel with Edgar Poe's school-life—School-fellows—School-exercise on China, and Christina Rossetti's verses thereon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68



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    Sig. VOL. I. b


  • VIII.

    HOME-LIFE DURING SCHOOL—SIR HUGH THE HERON.

    Polidori's country-house at Holmer Green, and his house in London— Accident with a chisel—Boyish drawings from the Iliad—Dante Rossetti reads Byron, Dickens, Brigand Tales, French novels, etc. —He writes a prose tale, Roderick and Rosalba , and a ballad-poem, Sir Hugh the Heron , which is privately printed, also William and Marie — His note on Hugh Heron —Boyish drawings—Studies German under Dr. Heimann—Intimacy with the Heimann family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79





  • IX.

    STUDY FOR THE PAINTING PROFESSION—CARY'S AND

    THE R.A.

    Dante Rossetti leaves school, 1842, and goes to Cary's Drawing Academy—His American friend, Thomas Doughty, and his family —Charley Ware, and his portrait-group—Bailey's Festus, and verses The Atheist—Studies and habits at Cary's—Sonnets from the Italian, and Bouts-rimés sonnets—The Westminster Hall cartoon-competitions—Proceeds to the R.A. antique school, 1846 —Disinclination to any obligatory study or work—Millais, Holman Hunt, Stephens—The Ghiberti Gates—Hunt on Rossetti's appearance and demeanour—A fellow-student's reminiscence— Rossetti's immethodical habits—Theatre-going . . . . . . . . . . . . 88





  • X.

    STUDENT-LIFE—SKETCHING, READING, AND WRITING.

    Rossetti's early sketches influenced by Gavarni—Lithographed playing-cards, etc.—Designs to Christina Rossetti's Verses, 1847—His first uncompleted oil-picture, Retro me Sathana —Reads Shelley, Charles Wells, Maturin, Thackeray, etc., and with great predilection Browning—No solid reading—His prose tale, Sorrentino , 1843—Translations from the German, The Nibelungenlied , Henry the Leper , etc.—Translations from the Vita Nuova, and Early Italian Poets—Tennyson's opinion of these—The printed opinions of Swinburne and Placci—Writes The Blessed Damozel , 1847—Admiration of Edgar Poe—Other poems, My Sister's Sleep , Ave , Dante at Verona , Jenny , etc.—The unpublished Ballad, Jan van Hunks , now begun, and finished on his deathbed — Political burlesque poem, unprinted—Purchase of the MS. book by Blake—Rossetti's work, towards 1862, on Gilchrist's Life of Blake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97



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  • XI.

    FRIENDS TOWARDS 1847.

    Major Calder Campbell, Alexander Munro, William Bell Scott—Meets Ebenezer Jones—Rossetti's first letter to Scott, 1847—Observations on his poems—Rossetti sends The Blessed Damozel , and other Songs of the Art Catholic , to Scott—His turn of mind in religious matters—Scott's first visit—Rossetti writes to Browning about Pauline, and knows him afterwards . . . . . . . . . . . 110





  • XII.

    MADOX BROWN, HOLMAN HUNT, MILLAIS.

    Letter to Madox Brown, 1848, asking to be allowed to study painting under him—Rossetti's relation to the course of study at the R.A.— Details about Brown, and his first call on Rossetti—Rossetti set to still-life painting, etc.—He calls on Hunt, and consults him as to further painting-work—His design of Gretchen in the Church — The Cyclographic Society—Opinions of Millais and Hunt on the Gretchen —Rossetti's indifference to perspective, in which Stephens gives him some lessons—Forwards some poems to Leigh Hunt, who (letter quoted) praises them, but dissuades him from trusting to literature as a profession— Head of Gaetano Polidori , June 1848 —Rossetti adopts Holman Hunt's advice as to painting, and shares a studio with him in Cleveland Street—Stephens's description of it—Hunt takes Rossetti round to Millais in Gower Street. 115





  • XIII.

    THE PRÆRAPHAELITE BROTHERHOOD.

    Lasinio's engravings from the pictures in the Campo Santo of Pisa lead on directly to the Præraphaelite movement, 1848—Remarks on Millais, Hunt, and Rossetti, in this connexion—The British school of painting in 1848, and the term Præraphaelite—The three inventors of the movement equally concerned in bringing it to bear—Rossetti's letter to Chesneau on this point—Their close attention to detail subsidiary to other objects in the movement— Madox Brown's relation to the Brotherhood—Four other members of it—Details as to Woolner, Collinson, Stephens, and myself—Great intimacy among the P.R.B.'s.—Hunt on Rossetti's literary attainments—The aims of the Brotherhood discussed— Not a religious movement, nor directly promoted by Ruskin— Rossetti, in later life, disliked the term Præraphaelite—Diary of the P.R.B. kept by me as Secretary—Defaced by Dante Rossetti

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    —Details from this Diary as to election of Deverell, etc.—The P.R.B., as an organization, dropped in January 1851—Christina's sonnet The P.R.B.—“The Queen of the Præraphaelites”—Rules adopted 1851—The pictures of Millais, Hunt, and Rossetti, exhibited in 1849—Rossetti's Girlhood of Mary Virgin —Three sonnets of his bearing on the movement—His portrait of Gabriele Rossetti, 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125





  • XIV.

    FIRST EXHIBITED PICTURE, 1849.

    Rossetti sends The Girlhood of Mary Virgin to the Free Exhibition— The works of the Præraphaelites favourably received by critics and others in 1849, but very adversely afterwards—The Athenæum notice of Rossetti's first picture quoted—Sale of the picture, and its general success—Treatment in this book of his pictures etc. in later years, and reference to another book, Dante Gabriel Rossetti as Designer and Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144





  • XV.

    THE GERM.

    Rossetti bent upon starting a magazine, July 1849—Proposed titles and publisher—He writes the prose story Hand and Soul — Meeting at his studio, and choice of the title The Germ —Contents of No. 1, and its sale—Nos. 3 and 4 appear under the title Art and Poetry —Notices of the magazine—Debt upon its issue— Anecdotes relating to Hand and Soul —Rossetti makes an etching (destroyed) for this story, and begins another story An Autopsychology (or St. Agnes of Intercession )—His various contributions to the magazine— Verses by John L. Tupper on its expiry . . 149





  • XVI.

    PAINTINGS AND WRITINGS, 1849-53.

    Trip with Holman Hunt to Paris and Belgium—Paintings and Designs—Rossetti's attainments in draughtsmanship, etc.—Details as to Ecce Ancilla Domini —Press-criticism of this picture, and other Præraphaelite works of 1850—Extract from the Athenæum —The Queen and Millais's Carpenter's Shop —Details as to Giotto painting Dante's Portrait , Head of Holman Hunt, Mary Magdalene at the Door of Simon the Pharisee , and Found

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    Discussion as to the statement that Found is an illustration of Bell Scott's poem Rosabell—Rossetti's sonnet to Woolner in Australia—Collinson's picture of St. Elizabeth of Hungary — Sketching-club proposed in 1854—Poems, Dante at Verona , Burden of Nineveh , Sister Helen , etc.—Rossetti desultory in youth, and sometimes at odds with his Father—He drops writing poetry, 1852—Project of his becoming a telegraphist on the railway—Notion of renting No. 16 Cheyne Walk—His studios in Newman Street and Red Lion Square—Brown paints Rossetti's head as Chaucer—Rossetti settles in Chambers in Chatham Place, 1852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157





  • XVII.

    MISS SIDDAL.

    Rossetti falls in love with Miss Elizabeth Eleanor Siddal, 1850— Walter H. Deverell first sees her as assistant in a bonnet-shop— Her appearance—Deverell gets her to sit for the head of Viola in his picture from Twelfth Night—She also sits to Hunt and Millais—Her family—She sits to Rossetti for Rossovestita , and a subject from the Vita Nuova, and many other paintings—An engagement between Miss Siddal and Rossetti dating towards 1851—Her tone in conversation, etc.—Her paintings and verses —Swinburne's estimate of her quoted, also her poem A Year and a Day—Her extreme ill-health—She is introduced to the Howitt family—Rossetti as a lover—Death of Deverell, 1854    171





  • XVIII.

    JOHN RUSKIN.

    Ruskin not connected with the Præraphaelite movement when first started—In 1851 Patmore suggests to him to write something on the subject, and he sends a letter to the Times—In 1853 MacCracken calls his attention to Rossetti, and Ruskin praises two of his water-colours—Ruskin calls on Rossetti, April 1854—Their intimacy begins, partly interrupted by the death of Gabriele Rossetti, and the absence of Dante Rossetti at Hastings, and of Ruskin abroad—Affectionate and free-spoken relations between Ruskin and Rossetti—Madox Brown's dislike of Ruskin, who becomes the chief purchaser for a while of Rossetti's works— Rossetti ceases to exhibit—Ruskin's opinion of Rossetti after his decease—Extracts from Ruskin's letters, 1854-7—His high regard

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    Note: In section xx, “Morte” should read “Mort”
    for Miss Siddal—He settles on her £150 a year, taking her paintings in proportion—Cessation of this arrangement, 1857— She goes abroad with Mrs. Kincaid, 1855, returning 1856—Decline of her health—My own acquaintance with Ruskin—Rossetti admires him as a lecturer—Letters from Rossetti to MacCracken, Extract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178





  • XIX.

    WORK IN 1854-5-6.

    Water-colours from Dante, etc.— Paolo and Francesca , Passover in Holy Family , Head of Browning , Dante's Dream , Designs from Tennyson, etc.— The Seed of David , Triptych in Llandaff Cathedral—General characteristics of Rossetti's style at this period— Troubles with the Tennyson designs, and Tennyson's own views of them—Sketches of Tennyson reading Maud—The Seddons and the Triptych— The Blue Closet , water-colour, and William Morris— The Wedding of St. George —James Smetham, and his remarks hereon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187





  • XX.

    OXFORD MEN AND WORK—BURNE-JONES, MORRIS,

    SWINBURNE
    .

    Friends of Rossetti between 1847 and 1855—Burne-Jones calls upon him, June 1856, and is advised by Rossetti to adopt painting as a profession—Afterwards Rossetti knows Morris and Swinburne —The architect of the Oxford Museum, Woodward, invites Rossetti in 1855 to undertake some decorative work there—He does not do this, but in 1857 begins painting in the Union Debating- Hall from the Morte d' Arthur—Morris co-operates—Details as to the Union-work—In 1856 Rossetti publishes The Burden of Nineveh and some other poems in the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine —Ruskin on The Burden of Nineveh —Other painters in the Union Hall—Ultimate spoiling of the work—Swinburne's introduction to Rossetti—Rossetti and his friends see in Oxford Miss Burden, who becomes Mrs. Morris, and from whom Rossetti paints many heads—The Præraphaelite Exhibition in Russell Place, 1857—Miss Siddal's ill-health takes Rossetti to Bath, etc. —Proposal, not carried out, for a “College,” in which he and other artists would settle—Miss Siddal's dissent—Hunt's statement as to an “offence” by Rossetti . . . . . . 193



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  • XXI.

    WORK IN 1858-59.

    Water-colour of Mary in the House of John , oil-picture Bocca Baciata , etc.—Bell Scott's reference to the sitter for Bocca Baciata —Miss Herbert—Poems, Love's Nocturn , and The Song of the Bower — The Hogarth Club, 1858, and paintings there exhibited . . 202





  • XXII.

    MARRIAGE.

    Reasons for postponing marriage—Mr. Plint and other purchasers of Rossetti's pictures—Extreme ill-health of Miss Siddal at Hastings, April 1860—Marriage, 23 May—Wedding-trip to Paris—Enlargement of Rossetti's view of pictorial art—His designs in Paris, How They Met Themselves , etc.—He returns with his wife to the Chambers, afterwards enlarged, in Chatham Place . . . 204





  • XXIII.

    MARRIED LIFE.

    Bell Scott on Rossetti's unsuitableness for married life—Remarks hereon—Mrs. Rossetti intimate with the Brown, Morris, and Burne-Jones families—Ruskin on drawings made by Rossetti from her—Rossetti's intimacy with Swinburne—also with Meredith, Sandys, Gilchrist, etc.—Death of Gilchrist, 1861—Mrs. Madox Brown's offer to help during his illness—Mrs. Rossetti's infirm health, and birth of a stillborn infant—Death of Mrs. H. T. Wells —Rossetti speaks of “ getting awfully fat and torpid” . . . 208





  • XXIV.

    WORK IN 1860-61— THE EARLY ITALIAN POETS—THE

    MORRIS FIRM.

    Death of Plint, and embarrassment ensuing to Rossetti, 1860—The Plint sale—Water-colours of Lucrezia Borgia and of Swinburne, design of Cassandra , oil-picture of Fair Rosamund , etc.—Preparations for publishing The Early Italian Poets —Opinions of Ruskin and Patmore—Published by Smith and Elder, with some subsidizing from Ruskin—Favourable reception of the book, and result of its sale—Proposed etchings to it not produced—Rossetti

    page: xxiii
    shows some original poems to Ruskin, with a view, unsuccessful, to publication in The Cornhill Magazine—He announces a volume, Dante at Verona and other Poems , not actually published— Foundation in 1860 of the firm, Morris, Marshall, Falkner, & Co. —Seven members, including Rossetti—Details as to Webb, Marshall, and Falkner—Money ventured on the firm—Good-fellowship of Rossetti and his partners—Methods of business, more especially of Morris as leading partner and manager— Warrington Taylor—Rossetti's designs for stained glass, etc.     213





  • XXV.

    DEATH OF MRS. DANTE ROSSETTI.

    Her illness, phthisis and neuralgia—The last painting for which she sat—10 February 1862, she dines at an hotel with her husband and Swinburne—My contemporary note as to her death next morning from taking over-much laudanum—Dr. John Marshall— Newspaper-paragraph, showing inquest, and verdict of accidental death—Rossetti's sorrow and agitation—Ruskin calls, and exhibits a change in religious opinion—The funeral—Rossetti consigns to the coffin his book of MS. poems—Caine's account of this incident —Rossetti's letter to Mrs. Gilchrist on his wife's death . . . 220





  • XXVI.

    SETTLING IN CHEYNE WALK.

    Rossetti resolves to leave Chatham Place, and proposes to combine with his family and Swinburne in getting a new house—He fixes on No. 16 Cheyne Walk—Relinquishes the proposal as to the family—His water-colour, Girl at a Lattice , and crayon-head of his Mother —Takes chambers provisionally, 59 Lincoln's Inn Fields—New arrangement for Cheyne Walk, Dante Rossetti as tenant, with Swinburne, Meredith, and myself, as sub-tenants— Condition of Cheyne Walk in 1862—Caine's account of the house in 1880—Further details as to the drawing-room etc.—Taking possession of the house, October 1862—Rossetti not constantly melancholy after his wife's death—Meredith and Swinburne as sub-tenants for the first two or three years—Meredith's opinion of Rossetti—Extracts from letters from Ruskin and Burne-Jones, 1862—Rossetti makes acquaintance with Whistler and Legros— His art-assistant Knewstub—Advance in Rossetti's professional income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227



  • page: xxiv


  • XXVII.

    WORK FROM 1862 TO 1868.

    Oil-pictures, Joan of Arc , Beata Beatrix , The Beloved , Lilith , Venus Verticordia , Sibylla Palmifera , Monna Vanna , Mrs. Morris , etc. —Water-colours, Paolo and Francesca , Return of Tibullus to Delia , Tristram and Yseult , etc.—Designs, Michael Scott's Wooing , Aurea Catena , etc.—Details as to most of these works, also Helen of Troy , Aurelia , The Boat of Love , The Blue Bower , Il Ramoscello , La Pia , Heart of the Night , Washing Hands , Socrates taught to Dance by Aspasia , Aspecta Medusa —Erroneous impression that Rossetti painted only from Mrs. Morris—Other sitters named, Christina Rossetti, Lizzie Rossetti, Mrs. Hannay, Mrs. Beyer, Mrs. H—, Miss Wilding, Miss Mackenzie, Keomi, Ellen Smith, Miss Graham, Mrs. Stillman, Mrs. Sumner, etc.—Remarks on Mrs. Morris as his type—His letter to the Athenæum as to his being a painter in oils—Shields on Rossetti's use of compressed chalk—Purchasers of his works, Leathart, Rae, Graham, Leyland, Valpy, Mitchell, Craven, Lord Mount-Temple, Colonel Gillum, Trist, Gambart, Fairfax Murray—Insufficiency of Rossetti's studio, and its ultimate alteration—Dunn succeeds Knewstub as his art-assistant—Large income made by Rossetti in 1865 and other years—His friendly relations with purchasers—His work 1862-3, in connexion with Gilchrist's Life of Blake . . . 238





  • XXVIII.

    INCIDENTS, 1862 TO 1868.

    Rossetti's animals at Cheyne Walk—His notions about ghosts—The wombat, woodchuck, and zebu—Attempts to communicate with his deceased wife by table-turning—The Burlington and other Clubs—The Bab Ballads—Rossetti houses Sandys for a while, and George Chapman—Other friends—Charles Augustus Howell, who becomes Ruskin's secretary—Bell Scott and Woolner— Intimacy with Ruskin comes to an end—Extracts from Ruskin's letters in 1865—Rossetti collects works of decorative art, especially blue china and Japanese prints—Buys a picture by Botticelli     251





  • XXIX.

    BEGINNINGS OF ILL-HEALTH—PENKILL CASTLE.

    Rossetti generally healthy in youth—1866, a complaint requiring surgical treatment—1867, insomnia, and failure of eyesight—

    page: xxv
    Doctors consulted—Trip to Warwickshire in 1868, and stay at Penkill Castle, Ayrshire, with Miss Boyd, Miss Losh, and Bell Scott—The Leeds Exhibition of Art—Loan made by Miss Losh —Return to Cheyne Walk, and details as to eyesight—Resumes art-work in December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264





  • XXX.



    PREPARATIONS FOR PUBLISHING POEMS.

    Rossetti re-visits Penkill, 1869—Urged, in 1868, by Scott to “live for his poetry”—Sonnets previously published in 1868, others in 1869—Estimate for printing—Poems written at Penkill, 1869 —Alleged impulse towards suicide—Fancy about a chaffinch—“A curiously ferocious look”—Poems printed, not for immediate publication—The unburying of the MS. deposited in his wife's coffin—Arrangement with Ellis as publisher—Rossetti's combination of self-reliance and self-mistrust—He is anxious to secure a favourable critical reception of the Poems at starting —Extracts on this point from my Diary and from Scott's book —Rossetti's habits as to drinking—Death of Michael Halliday —Acquaintance with Nettleship, Hake, and Hueffer—Hake's estimate of Rossetti's character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270





  • XXXI.

    ART-WORK FROM 1869 TO SUMMER 1872.

    Oil-pictures of Pandora , Mariana , Dante's Dream , Veronica Veronese , etc.—Water-colour of Michael Scott —Designs of Penelope , Dr. Hake, etc.—Details as to some of these works, especially Dante's Dream —W. A. Turner becomes a purchaser . . . 282





  • XXXII.

    THE POEMS, 1870— CHLORAL—KELMSCOTT MANOR-HOUSE.

    The Poems forthcoming—Sojourn at Scalands—Rossetti's American friend Stillman, who recommends chloral as a soporific—Rossetti's excess in chloral-dosing, washed down by whiskey, and the bad effects resulting—Publication of the Poems , April 1870—Rapid sale—Swinburne's review, extracts—Other reviews, The Catholic World, etc.—Letters from acquaintances—Adverse criticism in Blackwood's Magazine, coolly received by Rossetti—Republica-

    page: xxvi
    tion of the Italian translations as Dante and his Circle , 1873—Rossetti in 1871 at Kelmscott Manor-house, which he shares with the Morris family—Philip Bourke Marston and Edmund Gosse on Rossetti—Turguenieff—Poems written at Kelmscott . . . 285





  • XXXIII.



    THE FLESHLY SCHOOL OF POETRY.

    Robert Buchanan, as Thomas Maitland, publishes in the Contemporary Review an attack thus entitled on Rossetti's Poems , October 1871 —His previous attack on Swinburne, 1866, and my Criticism— Review of my edition of Shelley, 1870— The Fleshly School enlarged and re-issued as a pamphlet—Extracts from it—Rossetti not much troubled by the review-article—A dinner at Bell Scott's —Rossetti replies, publishing, in the Athenæum , The Stealthy School of Criticism , and writing a pamphlet, which is withheld— Aggravated imputations in the pamphlet form of The Fleshly School—Buchanan's retractation, 1881-2, extracts—Summary of the facts—Quilter's article The Art of Rossetti, 1883, extract     293





  • XXXIV

    HYPOCHONDRIA AND ILLNESS.

    Dividing line in Rossetti's life, spring 1872—He is perturbed by The Fleshly School of Poetry in its book-form, and has fancies of a conspiracy against him—Other adverse critiques—Evidences of mental unsettlement on 2 June—Browning regarded with suspicion —Rossetti not insane, but affected by hypochondria, resulting largely from chloral—Physical delusions—Mr. Marshall and Dr. Maudsley—Extract from the Memoirs of Eighty Years, written by Dr. Hake, who takes Rossetti off to his house at Roehampton —Scott's remarks—Attempt at suicide by laudanum on the night of 8 June—Mistake as to serous apoplexy—I fetch my Mother and Sister Maria, Christina being ill—Brown calls-in Marshall, who, along with Hake, saves Rossetti's life—Mental disturbance continues, and Rossetti moves into Brown's house, followed by three houses in Perthshire—Hemiplegia—Rossetti's companions in Perthshire—Extracts from Scott and Hake—Resumption of painting, and gradual recovery—Surgical treatment—Money-affairs —Sale of the collection of china, and removal of pictures to Scott's house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303



  • page: xxvii


  • XXXV.

    STAY AND WORK AT KELMSCOTT, 1872-4— THEODORE

    WATTS.

    Rossetti, with George Hake, returns from Scotland, and re-settles at Kelmscott Manor-house—His health and spirits at first good, afterwards re-injured by chloral—Personal details—Knows Theodore Watts as a lawyer, and soon as an intimate literary and personal friend—Fixes upon Howell as his professional agent— Advantages accruing from this connexion—J. R. Parsons, Howell's partner—Rossetti paints Proserpine , also La Ghirlandata , The Bower Maiden , The Blessed Damozel , Dante's Dream (smaller replica), The Roman Widow —Re-publishes Dante and his Circle —Nonsense-verses—Recurrence of gloomy fancies—Scott's cheque for £200—Quarrel with anglers—Rossetti leaves Kelmscott in July 1874, and never returns thither . . . . . . . . . . . . 321





  • XXXVI.

    LONDON AND ELSEWHERE, 1874-8.

    Discussion of Bell Scott's statements about Rossetti's seclusion, his desertion by old friends, George Hake, Browning, his new friends, his want of candour—Rossetti's condition of health and mental tone—Theodore Watts—Rossetti goes to Aldwick Lodge, Bognor —Libel-case, Buchanan, v. Taylor—Goes to Broadlands—The Mount-Temples and Mrs. Sumner—“Deafening” of Rossetti's studio—Mesmerism—Surgical operation, as narrated by Watts— Stay at Hunter's Forestall—Disappearance of letters—Details as to chloral—Brown ceases to see Rossetti for some months— Renewal of lease in Cheyne Walk—Death of Oliver Brown, and Rossetti's impression as to his posthumous writings—Death of Maria F. Rossetti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331





  • XXXVII.

    INCIDENTS AND TRANSACTIONS, 1874-81— HALL CAINE.

    Dissolution of the Partnership, Morris, Marshall, Falkner, & Co., 1874 —Rossetti obtains possession of the portrait of him painted by G. F. Watts, R.A.—He drops his connexion with Howell, 1876, and the reasons for this—Drawings falsely attributed to Rossetti —Fluctuations in his income—Funds for the families of James Hannay and J. L. Tupper, and exertions to benefit James Smetham —Declines to exhibit in the Grosvenor Gallery, 1877—An exception, for the benefit of an art-institution, to his system of not

    page: xxviii
    exhibiting—Unfounded report as to a visit from the Princess Louise—Rossetti's correspondence with Hall Caine begins, 1879 —Extract from Caine's Recollections as to his first visit to Rossetti, 1880—Reference to various details given by Caine as to Rossetti's opinions, etc.—His view debated as to Rossetti's natural irresolution and melancholy—Friends who arranged to visit Rossetti from day to day—Continued activity in painting, along with poetry, and the re-edition of Gilchrist's Life of Blake . . . . 346





  • XXXVIII.

    PAINTINGS AND POEMS, 1874-81.

    Pictures of The Blessed Damozel , Dante's Dream (replica), La Pia , La Bella Mano , Venus Astarte , The Sea-spell , Mnemosyne , Beata Beatrix (finished by Madox Brown), A Vision of Fiammetta , La Donna della Finestra , The Daydream —Designs of The Sphinx , The Spirit of the Rainbow , Perlascura , Desdemona's Death-song , Sancta Lilias , The Sonnet —Water-colour, Bruna Brunelleschi — Details as to The Sea-spell , Vision of Fiammetta , Daydream —Scott's narrative as to The Sphinx —Details as to Desdemona's Death-song and Bruna Brunelleschi Haydon's Etching of Hamlet and Ophelia —Caine's account as to how Rossetti resumed poetical composition towards 1878— Sonnet on Cyprus—Other Sonnets— The historical ballads, The White Ship and The King's Tragedy — The Beryl-songs in Rose Mary . . . . . . . . . . . 362





  • XXXIX.

    DANTE'S DREAM—BALLADS AND SONNETS.

    In July 1881 Hall Caine becomes an inmate of Rossetti's house—His somewhat trying position there—Dunn leaves the house— Dante's Dream returned to Rossetti, at his own wish, by Valpy, who is to receive other works in exchange—Caine suggests to the authorities of the Walker Gallery, Liverpool, the purchase of this picture—Alderman Samuelson favours the proposal—Mr. R. and his proceedings in the same matter—Purchase carried out for £1,650, September 1881—Recognition by Rossetti of the friendliness of Caine and Samuelson—Transactions with Valpy and Graham—March 1881, Rossetti contemplates bringing out a new volume, Ballads and Sonnets , and re-issuing, in a modified form, the Poems of 1870—Publishing-arrangements, and rapid sale of Ballads and Sonnets in October—Proposed ballads on Joan of Arc, Abraham Lincoln, and Alexander III. of Scotland —Critics favourable to the new volume—Rossetti derives little pleasure from these successes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369



  • page: xxix


  • XL.

    CUMBERLAND AND LONDON—FINAL ILLNESS.

    Rossetti's state of health: blood-spitting, etc.—He goes with Caine to the Vale of St. John, Keswick, September 1881—Returns worse than he went—“Absolution for my sins”: Scott's narrative, and observations on Rossetti's opinions upon religion—Paintings: Salutation of Beatrice , duplicates of Proserpine and of Joan of Arc , Donna della Finestra —Visit from Dr. and Philip Marston— Quasi-paralytic attack and discontinuance of chloral—Account by Caine, and extracts from my Diary—Scott and Morris on the same subject—The Medical Resident Henry Maudsley, and the Nurse Mrs. Abrey—Rossetti, with Caine and Miss Caine, goes to Birchington-on-Sea—Scott's remarks on Rossetti's later years— Miss Caine's reminiscences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375





  • XLI.

    BIRCHINGTON-ON-SEA.

    Birchington and Westcliff Bungalow—Rossetti's condition there—He is joined by his Mother and Sister—Other friends—Paintings of Proserpine and of Joan of Arc , and sketches of his Father [ sketch 1] for Vasto—Ballad of Jan van Hunks , and Sonnets on The Sphinx — Novel-reading—Correspondence with Joseph Knight and Ernest Chesneau—Extracts from Mrs. Rossetti's Diary . . . . 390





  • XLII.

    DEATH AND FUNERAL.

    My visit to Birchington, 1 April 1882—Extracts from my Diary, showing Dante's very grave condition of health—Extracts from Mrs. Rossetti's Diary, 4 to 9 April—Rossetti's death, 9 April—My memorandum of it—His will—Arrival of Lucy Rossetti and Charlotte Polidori—The funeral, further extracts from Mrs. Rossetti's Diary, and letter from Judge Lushington—The tombstone, stained-glass window, and monument in Cheyne Walk     395





  • XLIII.

    PERSONAL DETAILS—EXTRACTS.

    Rossetti's character—Canon Dixon's statement—Remarks by Knight, Patmore, and Watts—His appearance—His feeling as to the

    page: xxx
    beauties of Nature—His views on politics—Various remarks of his on fine art, literature, and other matters, along with observations by Hunt, Caine, Sharp, Oliver Brown, and myself . . 404





  • XLIV.

    ROSSETTI AS PAINTER AND POET—EXTRACTS.

    Decision not to offer my own criticism on this matter—Extracts: upon Fine Art, Leighton, Royal Scottish Academy, Hunt, Stephens, Quilter, Ruskin, Smetham, Shields, Hake, Rod, Mourey, Sartorio —Upon Literature, Swinburne, Watts, Caine, Forman, Knight, Hueffer, Sharp, Mrs. Wood, Patmore, Myers, William Morris, Pater, Madame Darmesteter, Skelton, Sarrazin, Gamberale— other Translators and Critics named . . . . . . 423



page: [xxxi]
LIST OF PORTRAITS.

VOL. I.




page: [xxxii]
Note: Blank page
page: [xxxiii]
ERRATA.

Vol. I.


  • Page xxi, line 12 from bottom, for Morte read Mort
  • ,, 14, line 11, for dark-speaking read dark speaking
  • ,, 54 ,, 8, for Rufini read Ruffini
  • ,, 59 ,, 6, for Fitz-Eustace read De Wilton
  • ,, 119, lines 14, 15, for I have not the least recollection of what it was read the Study in the manner of the Early Masters
  • ,, 135, line 5, for Fuhrich read Steinle
  • ,, 166 ,, 11, for never read hardly
  • ,, 199 ,, 17 etc., for I do not know— etc. to end of paragraph, read These expressions occur in a letter to Mr. Skelton
  • ,, 235 ,, 19, for the earlier days of 1864 read August 1863
  • ,, 254 ,, 21, for perhaps in 1863 read in 1864
  • ,, 274 ,, 17 etc., for I cannot say— down to prominent among them read Two of these friends were Mr. Scott and Mr. Howell; perhaps also Mr. Henry Virtue Tebbs— down to Doctors' Commons
  • ,, 290 ,, 6 from bottom, for forgot read forget
  • ,, 304 ,, 16, for while read wile
  • ,, 336 ,, 22, for public read published
  • ,, 359 ,, 4 from bottom, for latter read former
  • ,, 401 ,, 21, for if not read and indeed
  • ,, 409 ,, last, for XXX read IX
  • ,, 418 ,, 17, for lkely read likely
  • ,, 436 ,, 2, for reputations read reputation,
  • ,, ,, ,, 9, for object read objects
page: [xxxiv]
Note: Blank page
page: [1]
MEMOIR

OF

DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI



BY

WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI.

  • Be sure that Love ordained for souls more meek
  • His roadside dells of rest.
page: [2]
Note: Blank page
page: 3
I. BIRTH.


Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti, commonly known as Dante Gabriel Rossetti, was born on 12 May 1828, at No. 38 Charlotte Street, Portland Place, London. This house is the last or most northerly house, but one, 1 on the right-hand or eastern side of the street, as you turn into it to the left, down Weymouth Street, out of Portland Place. Charlotte Street, beyond No. 39, forms a cul-de-sac. The infant was baptized at the neighbouring All Souls' Church, Langham Place, as a member of the Church of England. From his father he received the name Gabriel; from his godfather the name Charles; and from poetical and literary associations the name Dante. His godfather was Mr. Charles Lyell, of Kinnordy, Kirriemuir, Forfarshire; a keen votary of Dante and Italian literature, a helpful friend to our father, and himself father of the celebrated geologist, Sir Charles Lyell. Some living members of the Lyell family continue to be well known to the present generation.
Transcribed Footnote (page 3):

1 No. 39 is now to the right hand of No. 38. It appears to me that this was not the case when we lived in No. 38, but that that was then the last house of all. The closed-up end of the street has been wholly altered since my boyish days.

II.

PARENTAGE.


Our parents were Gabriele Pasquale Giuseppe Rossetti (always called Gabriele Rossetti), and Frances Mary Lavinia
page: 4
Rossetti, née Polidori; and, before proceeding further with my narrative, I shall give some particulars about them, and about other members of the family.
Gabriele Rossetti was born on 28 February 1783, in the city of Vasto, named also (by a corruption from Longobard nomenclature) Vasto Ammone, in the Province of Abruzzo Citeriore, on the Adriatic coast of the then Kingdom of Naples. Vasto is a very ancient place, a municipal town of the Romans, then designated Histonium. We are not bound—though some enthusiasts feel themselves permitted— to believe that it was founded by the Homeric hero Diomed: its patron saint is the Archangel Michael. Gabriele was the youngest son of Nicola Rossetti, and his wife Maria Francesca, née Pietrocola. Nicola Rossetti was a Blacksmith, of very moderate means; 1 a man of somewhat severe and irascible nature, whose death ensued not long after the French-republican invasion of the Kingdom of Naples in 1799. The French put some affront upon him—I believe they gave him a smart beating for failing or neglecting to furnish required provisions; and, being unable to stomach this, or to resent it as he would have liked, his health declined, and soon he was no more. His wife belonged to a local family of fair credit: but, like other Italian women of that period, she received no scholastic training; she could not write nor even read. The name Rossetti might be translated into “Ruddykins” or “Redkins” as an English
Transcribed Footnote (page 4):

1 A Vastese connexion of mine, Signor Giuseppe Marchesani, favoured me, early in 1895, with a number of mortuary and other inscriptions which he had composed to various members of the family. I will give here the one relating to Nicola Rossetti, who probably remains otherwise unrecorded, unless by some “forlorn hic jacet.” Of course anything written in a lapidary style reads less well in my English than in Marchesani's Italian. “Nicola Rossetti, Blacksmith poor and honourable, lovingly sent in boyhood to their first studies his sons, carefully nurtured in childhood. If Fortune neglected him, provident Nature ultimately distinguished, in the obscure Artizan, the well-graced Father, who, to the strokes of his hammer on the battered anvil, sent forth the sonorous and glorious echo, beyond remote Abruzzo, into Italy and other lands.”

page: 5
equivalent. My father used to say that the Rossetti race was an offshoot of the Della Guardia family, well known and still subsisting in Vasto; and that at some date or other certain children of the Della Guardia stock were noted for florid complexion and reddish hair, and thus got called “the Rossetti,” in accordance with the Italian hobby for nicknames, and that this name gradually stuck to them as a patronymic.
Nicola and Maria Francesca Rossetti had a rather large family, four sons and three daughters, and three of the sons earned distinction. There was Domenico, who was versed (as a local historian records) “in medical science, in civil and canonical law, and in theology,” writing in Italian, Latin, French, and to some extent Hebrew, and was “the first among mortals who daringly descended into the Grotto of Montecalvo near Nice.” On this theme he wrote a poem in three cantos, besides other poems (two volumes, printed in Parma) and prose: he was besides an Improvisatore. Born in 1772, he died comparatively young in 1816. There was also Andrea, the eldest brother, who became a Canon of San Giuseppe in Vasto; and thirdly, Gabriele, whom I may be excused for regarding as a more important writer than even the polyglot Domenico. I might include, as showing that verse-writing ran in the family, the fourth son, Antonio, who exercised the humble calling of a wig-maker and barber: he likewise versified in an off-hand popular manner, and was of some note to his fellow-townsmen.
Gabriele Rossetti came into the world well endowed for the arts. As it turned out, he took to poetry and other forms of literature; but he might equally have excelled in drawing or in vocal music. I have before me as I write three MSS. containing specimens of his early skill as a draughtsman, done when he was twenty years old or thereabouts. The drawings are illustrations to poems (juvenile enough) of his